Anatomy Flowering Plants Questions

1. A meristem may be defined as the group of cells which –

• (a) Does not divide
• (b) Conserve food
• (c) Divide continuously to give rise to new cells.
• (d) Elongate, mature and add to the group of cells.

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Meristematic cells are characterized by their active division, which continually produces new cells for growth and development.

2. Root cap is not found in –

• (a) Mustard
• (b) Pistia
• (c) Sunflower
• (d) China rose

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Pistia is an aquatic plant (hydrophyte) which has root pockets instead of root caps, as they do not require protection from soil friction.

3. The secondary meristem originates from-

• (a) Promeristem
• (b) Primary meristem
• (c) Primary permanent tissue
• (d) Secretory tissue

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Secondary meristems, like cork cambium and interfascicular cambium, originate from primary permanent tissues through the process of dedifferentiation.

4. The function of root cap is-

• (a) Provide protection to root apex
• (b) Storage of food products
• (c) Absorption of nutrients
• (d) None of the above

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: The root cap protects the tender growing apex of the root from mechanical damage as it penetrates the soil.

5. Meristem which is present inside the vascular bundle is –

• (a) Apical meristem
• (b) Intercalary meristem
• (c) Cork cambium
• (d) Intra fascicular cambium

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Intrafascicular cambium is a primary meristem present inside the vascular bundle between xylem and phloem.

6. Aerenchyma is helpful to plants by –

• (a) Providing buoyancy to hydrophytes
• (b) Promoting photosynthesis
• (c) Give mechanical strength to plants
• (d) Giving flexibility to plants

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Aerenchyma cells contain large air cavities that provide buoyancy and help aquatic plants float.

7. Function of collenchyma is –

• (a) Photosynthesis
• (b) Mechanical support
• (c) Both (1) and (2)
• (d) Secretion

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Collenchyma is a living tissue that provides both mechanical support to young organs and can perform photosynthesis due to the presence of chloroplasts.

8. In plants, which of the following cells are living

• (a) Xylem vessels
• (b) Meristem
• (c) Cork
• (d) Fibres

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Meristems consist of actively dividing living cells. Xylem vessels, cork, and fibres are dead tissues at maturity.

9. Which of the following tissues form the main bulk of storage organ-

• (a) Parenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Sclerenchyma
• (d) Aerenchyma

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue and forms the main bulk of plant storage organs.

10. Grittness in pear fruit is due to

• (a) Sclereids
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Parenchyma
• (d) Meristem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Sclereids (stone cells) are highly thickened, lignified sclerenchyma cells that cause the characteristic grittiness in pear fruit.

11. Mechanical tissue consisting of living cells is –

• (a) Sclerenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Chlorenchyma
• (d) Parenchyma

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Collenchyma consists of living cells with localized pectin thickenings at their corners, providing mechanical support.

12. Collenchyma differs from sclerenchyma in –

• (a) Retaining protoplasm at maturity
• (b) Having thick walls
• (c) Having a lumen
• (d) Being meristematic

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Collenchyma cells are living and retain their active protoplasm at maturity, unlike sclerenchyma cells which are dead.

13. Which of the following tissue provide tensile strength to young dicot stem against bending & swaying-

• (a) Parenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Sclerenchyma
• (d) Sclereids

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Collenchyma provides flexibility and tensile strength to young dicot stems against bending and swaying.

14. Cell walls of sclerenchymatous cells are thickened due to deposition of –

• (a) Cellulose
• (b) Pectin
• (c) Lignin
• (d) Silica

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Sclerenchymatous cells have highly thickened cell walls due to the deposition of lignin, a strong structural polymer.

15. Which of following plant cells are without vacuoles without nuclei and are dead –

• (a) Cambium cells
• (b) Xylem vessels
• (c) Root hairs
• (d) Companion cells

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Xylem vessels are dead, hollow cells without vacuoles or nuclei, specialized for efficient water conduction.

16. Maximum bordered pits are found in tracheids of

• (a) Monocotyledons
• (b) Dicotyledons
• (c) Pteridophytes
• (d) Gymnosperms

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Tracheids of gymnosperms have a very high density of bordered pits on their lateral walls for water transport.

17. The cell functionally associated with sieve tube element is –

• (a) Phloem fibres
• (b) Phloem parenchyma
• (c) Companion cell
• (d) Collenchyma

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Companion cells are specialized parenchymatous cells that are closely associated functionally and ontogenetically with sieve tube elements.

18. Bast fibres are mostly found in –

• (a) Secondary xylem
• (b) Secondary phloem
• (c) Primary phloem
• (d) Primary xylem

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Bast fibres (phloem fibres) are sclerenchymatous fibres mainly found in the secondary phloem.

19. Vessels and companion cells are respectively present in the xylem and phloem of

• (a) Gymnosperm
• (b) Pteridophyte
• (c) Angiosperm
• (d) Bryophyte

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Vessels are present in the xylem and companion cells in the phloem of angiosperms. Gymnosperms and pteridophytes generally lack them.

20. Phloem parenchyma is absent in –

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Dicot leaf
• (c) Monocot stem
• (d) Dicot root

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Monocot stems lack phloem parenchyma, which is normally present in dicots.

21. Localised cell wall thickenings in collenchyma is mainly due to deposition of –

• (a) Cellulose
• (b) Pectin
• (c) Lignin
• (d) Suberin

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Collenchyma has localized cell wall thickenings at the corners due to the deposition of pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.

22. The chief function of a xylem vessel in a plant body is to

• (a) Conduct sap
• (b) Conduct mineral salts only
• (c) Eliminate excess of water at night
• (d) Translocate organic nutrients

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Xylem vessels primarily conduct water and dissolved minerals (sap) from roots to leaves.

23. End walls of tracheids and vessels are, respectively

• (a) Pitted & perforated
• (b) Perforated & pitted
• (c) Both perforated
• (d) Both pitted

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Tracheids have pitted end walls (imperforate), while vessels have perforated end walls (perforated plates).

24. Long and pointed sclerenchyma cells are

• (a) Fibres
• (b) Tracheae
• (c) Wood parenchyma
• (d) Sclereids

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Fibres are long, elongated sclerenchyma cells with pointed ends, providing mechanical strength.

25. P-protein is a constituent of

• (a) Sieve tube elements
• (b) Xylem parenchyma
• (c) Parenchyma
• (d) Pericycle

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: P-protein (phloem protein) is a major constituent of sieve tube elements in angiosperms and is involved in sealing damaged sieve tubes.

26. When xylem and phloem are on same radius, the vascular bundles are said to be –

• (a) Radial
• (b) Conjoint
• (c) Endarch
• (d) Exarch

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Conjoint vascular bundles have xylem and phloem located on the same radius.

27. A vascular bundle in which phloem is present on both the sides of the xylem and separated from it by strips of cambium is said to be –

• (a) Collateral open
• (b) Bicollateral open
• (c) Radial
• (d) Bicollateral closed

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Bicollateral vascular bundles have phloem on both the outer and inner sides of the xylem, separated by cambium strips.

28. The basic difference between stem and root is that xylem in stem is –

• (a) Endarch
• (b) Exarch
• (c) Diarch
• (d) Polyarch

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In stems, xylem development is endarch (protoxylem is towards the centre), whereas in roots it is exarch.

29. Which xylem element is living :-

• (a) Vessels
• (b) Tracheids
• (c) Fibres
• (d) Parenchyma

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Xylem parenchyma is the only living cell type in the xylem tissue; vessels, tracheids, and fibres are dead.

30. A tissue of epiphytes which is capable of absorbing water from air is known as –

• (a) Cork
• (b) Velamen
• (c) Epiblema
• (d) Hypodermis

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Velamen is a specialized multilayered hygroscopic epidermis in epiphytic roots that absorbs moisture directly from the air.

31. Collenchymatous hypodermis is characteristic feature of –

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Monocot stem
• (c) Monocot as well as dicot stem
• (d) Hydrophytes

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Dicot stems typically feature a collenchymatous hypodermis for mechanical support.

32. Innumerable (many) vascular bundles, lack of cambium and lack of a well demarcated pith is found in

• (a) Sugarcane, grass
• (b) Sunflower, neem
• (c) Radish, neem
• (d) Pea, peepal

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Monocot stems (e.g., sugarcane, grasses) feature numerous scattered vascular bundles, lack cambium (closed), and lack a distinct pith.

33. Cortex and pith are not distinguished in –

• (a) Monocot stem
• (b) Monocot root
• (c) Dicot stem
• (d) Dicot root

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Monocot stems lack a distinct cortex and pith due to the scattered arrangement of vascular bundles in the ground tissue.

34. What is the characteristics of a vascular bundle of monocot stem –

• (a) Open and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
• (b) Closed and not surrounded by bundle sheath
• (c) Closed and surrounded by bundle sheath
• (d) Open and not surrounded by a bundle sheath

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Monocot stems have closed conjoint vascular bundles surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.

35. In dicot root

• (a) Vascular bundles are scattered with cambium
• (b) Vascular bundles are open and arranged in a ring
• (c) Xylem and phloem are radial
• (d) Xylem is always endarch

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Dicot roots exhibit radial vascular bundles where xylem and phloem are arranged on alternate radii.

36. A dicot root differs from a monocot root in which of the following-

• (a) Presence of epiblema
• (b) Presence of pericycle
• (c) Presence of less-developed (poorly developed) pith
• (d) Presence of radial vascular bundles

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Dicot roots have a poorly developed or inconspicuous pith compared to monocot roots which have a large, well-developed pith.

37. Polyarch and exarch xylem is the characteristic of-

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Dicot root
• (c) Monocot stem
• (d) Monocot root

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Monocot roots are characterized by polyarch (many xylem bundles) and exarch xylem.

38. Water cavity occurs in the vascular bundle of –

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Monocot root
• (c) Monocot stem
• (d) Dicot root

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Water cavities (lysigenous cavities) are formed by the dissolution of protoxylem in the vascular bundles of monocot stems.

39. In which of the following order, an exarch xylem develops –

• (a) Centripetal
• (b) Centrifugal
• (c) Both centripetal & centrifugal
• (d) Irregular

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Exarch xylem development is centripetal (protoxylem develops towards the periphery).

40. Vascular bundles in Cucurbita stem are –

• (a) Bicollateral & open
• (b) Bicollateral & closed
• (c) Collateral & open
• (d) Amphivasal

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Cucurbita stems have bicollateral and open vascular bundles.

41. Position of xylem & phloem in leaf respectively –

• (a) Abaxial & Adaxial
• (b) Adaxial & Abaxial
• (c) Both Adaxial
• (d) Both abaxial

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: In leaves, xylem is located on the adaxial (upper) side and phloem on the abaxial (lower) side.

42. In dicot stem, hypodermis is

• (a) Parenchymatous
• (b) Sclerenchymatous
• (c) Collenchymatous
• (d) Chlorenchymatous

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: The hypodermis of dicot stems is made of collenchymatous tissue for mechanical strength and elasticity.

43. In leaves, the vascular bundles are

• (a) Bicollateral & open
• (b) Collateral & open
• (c) Collateral & closed
• (d) Radial & exarch

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Vascular bundles in leaves are collateral and closed (no cambium).

44. Vascular bundles are scattered in ground tissue (Atactostele) in –

• (a) Maize stem
• (b) Sunflower stem
• (c) Gram root
• (d) Isobilateral leaf

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Maize stem (monocot) has scattered vascular bundles (atactostele) embedded in the ground tissue.

45. The hypodermis present in maize stem is –

• (a) Parenchymatous
• (b) Collenchymatous
• (c) Sclerenchymatous
• (d) Meristematic

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: The hypodermis of a maize stem is sclerenchymatous, providing rigidity.

46. Passage cells are found in endodermis of-

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Monocot stem
• (c) Orchid stem
• (d) Monocot root

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Passage cells are thin-walled endodermal cells in monocot roots that facilitate the entry of water into the vascular cylinder.

47. Pith is produced by

• (a) Ground meristem
• (b) Procambium
• (c) Collenchyma
• (d) Protoderm

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Pith is produced by the ground meristem during development.

48. Sugar transport elements of gymnosperms & pteridophytes are –

• (a) Sieve cells
• (b) Vessels
• (c) Sieve tubes
• (d) Sieve tube elements

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Gymnosperms and pteridophytes lack sieve tubes; they use specialized sieve cells for sugar transport.

49. When protoxylem faces pericycle, it is called

• (a) Endarch
• (b) Diarch
• (c) Exarch
• (d) Polyarch

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: When protoxylem faces the pericycle (outer side), the arrangement is exarch (typical of roots).

50. Which wood conduct sap –

• (a) Heart wood
• (b) Sap wood
• (c) Pith
• (d) Cortex

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Sapwood (outer wood) is light-colored and functionally active in conducting water and minerals.

51. Phelloderm is formed by –

• (a) Vascular cambium
• (b) Phellogen
• (c) Fascicular cambium
• (d) Interfascicular cambium

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Phellogen (cork cambium) is a lateral meristem that produces phelloderm (secondary cortex) on its inner side.

52. Dendrochronology is the study determination of-

• (a) Height of a tree
• (b) Diameter of a tree
• (c) Age of a tree with the help of annual rings
• (d) Counting of the number of branches

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating tree growth rings to determine the age of a tree.

53. A timber merchant told his customer that log of wood which he was purchasing comes from a 20 years old tree, he told so by inspecting the –

• (a) Diameter of log
• (b) Thickness of the heart wood
• (c) Number of cork layers
• (d) Annual rings

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: A tree’s age can be determined by counting the annual rings in a transverse section of the trunk.

54. In trees, the annual rings represent

• (a) Primary xylem
• (b) Secondary xylem
• (c) Secondary phloem
• (d) Cambium

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Annual rings are composed of rings of secondary xylem produced during different seasons of the year.

55. Annual rings are formed due to the activity of-

• (a) Intrastelar cambium
• (b) Intercalary cambium
• (c) Extrastelar cambium
• (d) Primary cambium

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Annual rings are formed by the differential activity of the vascular cambium (intrastelar cambium) in response to seasonal changes.

56. When a tree grows older which of the following increased rapidly –

• (a) Heart wood
• (b) Sap wood
• (c) Wood with lots of fibres and tyloses
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: As a tree grows older, the heartwood in the centre increases rapidly due to the accumulation of organic compounds.

57. Lenticels do not occur on-

• (a) Stem
• (b) Root
• (c) Leaf
• (d) Fruit

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Lenticels are lens-shaped openings in the bark that facilitate gas exchange, but do not occur on leaves.

58. External protective tissues are –

• (a) Cortex and epidermis
• (b) Cork and pericycle
• (c) Cortex and pericycle
• (d) Cork and epidermis

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Cork and epidermis form the external protective tissue system in woody plants.

59. Which of the following provides maximum mechanical strength to a tree trunk.

• (a) Heart wood
• (b) Sap wood
• (c) Cork
• (d) Late wood

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Heartwood provides maximum mechanical strength to a tree trunk because it is filled with durable organic deposits.

60. Extra stelar secondary growth in dicot stem occurs due to the activity of

• (a) Intrafascicular cambium
• (b) Interfascicular cambium
• (c) Vascular cambium
• (d) Cork cambium

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Extra-stelar secondary growth occurs in the cortex due to the activity of the cork cambium (phellogen).

61. Normally secondary growth takes place in –

• (a) Dicots & Monocots
• (b) Gymnosperms & Monocots
• (c) Dicots & Gymnosperms
• (d) Only in dicots

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Secondary growth normally takes place in dicots and gymnosperms due to the presence of lateral meristems.

62. Formation of which tissue is example of dedifferentiation

• (a) Interfascicular cambium
• (b) Apical meristem
• (c) Intrafascicular cambium
• (d) Intercalary meristem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Interfascicular cambium is formed by the dedifferentiation of parenchyma cells of medullary rays, reverting to a meristematic state.

63. What is the fate of primary phloem in dicot stem after sec growth

• (a) Compresses outside and degenerates
• (b) Compresses inside and degenerates
• (c) Becomes part of sec phloem
• (d) Modifies in sclerenchyma

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: The primary phloem in a dicot stem is compressed outward and eventually degenerates due to the continuous formation of secondary xylem.

64. Which tissue remains more active during spring

• (a) Cork cambium
• (b) Vascular cambium
• (c) Parenchyma
• (d) Sclerenchyma

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Vascular cambium is highly active during the spring season, producing spring wood with wider vessels.

65. Water conduction in stem of tree takes place mainly by-

• (a) Heart wood
• (b) Sap wood
• (c) Primary xylem
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Water conduction in older trees takes place mainly through the sapwood (outer secondary xylem).

66. How many types of cells are present in vascular cambium of dicot stem

• (a) Two types, fusiform & ray initials
• (b) Only fusiform initials
• (c) Only ray initials
• (d) Three types fusiform, ray and medullary rays.

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Vascular cambium contains two types of cells: elongated fusiform initials and spherical ray initials.

67. Cork cambium is

• (a) Always primary meristem
• (b) Always secondary meristem
• (c) May be secondary or primary meristem
• (d) Partly primary & partly secondary meristem

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Cork cambium (phellogen) develops from permanent cortical cells, making it a secondary meristem.

68. Normally in dicot stems, phellogen develops from

• (a) Hypodermis
• (b) Phellem
• (c) Endodermal cells
• (d) Epidermal & pericycle cells

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In dicot stems, the phellogen typically originates from the hypodermis (outer cortex).

69. Suberin in chiefly deposited in the cells of

• (a) Sclerenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Cork
• (d) Phelloderm

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Suberin is a highly impervious waxy substance deposited in the cell walls of cork (phellem).

70. Which of the following is a meristematic tissue

• (a) Phellem
• (b) Phellogen
• (c) Phelloderm
• (d) Periderm

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Phellogen (cork cambium) is the active lateral meristematic tissue in the bark.

71. Sea shore trees do not show annual rings because

• (a) There is little climatic variations
• (b) They belong to monocots
• (c) There is low temperature
• (d) Soil is sandy

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Trees near sea shores do not show distinct annual rings because the maritime climate remains uniform throughout the year.

72. Secondary growth in dicots and gymnosperms occurs by

• (a) Formation of vascular rays
• (b) Thickening of tracheary elements
• (c) Formation of meristematic cells in vascular region
• (d) Development of meristematic cells in vascular & cortical regions

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Secondary growth in dicots and gymnosperms is achieved through the active division of meristematic cells in both vascular and cortical regions.

73. The balloon like outgrowths of parenchyma in the lumen of a vessel are known as

• (a) Hadrome
• (b) Tyloses
• (c) Phellogen
• (d) Leptome

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Tyloses are balloon-like ingrowths of xylem parenchyma cells into the lumen of adjacent vessels, blocking them.

74. Which of the following tissues originate from ray initials of cambium

• (a) Tracheids & vessels
• (b) Sieve tubes & companion cells
• (c) Xylem & phloem fibres
• (d) Radial rows of parenchyma

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Ray initials of the vascular cambium produce radial rows of parenchyma cells (medullary rays).

75. Cork is an excellent material for making bottle stopper because it is

• (a) Cheap
• (b) Easily available
• (c) Air tight
• (d) Light

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Cork is excellent for bottle stoppers because it is highly impervious to air and water (air tight) due to suberization.

76. In monocot stems, secondary growth doesnot occur because vascular bundles are

• (a) Scattered
• (b) Open
• (c) Closed
• (d) Radial

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Moncot stems lack cambium (closed vascular bundles), which prevents them from undergoing normal secondary growth.

77. Gymnosperm wood is non porous because it

• (a) Lacks vessels
• (b) Contains tracheae
• (c) Has abundant fibres
• (d) Contains no fibres

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Gymnosperm wood is non-porous because it lacks vessels (tracheae); it consists almost entirely of tracheids.

78. Porous wood is characterised by

• (a) Absence of tracheids
• (b) Presence of vessels
• (c) Absence of vessels
• (d) Presence of sieve-tubes

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Porous wood is characterized by the presence of vessels which act as pores in cross-section.

79. Secondary growth is the production of

• (a) New tissues from intercalary meristem
• (b) New conduction cells
• (c) New tissues from lateral meristem
• (d) New ground cells

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Secondary growth is the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium), increasing plant girth.

80. Each annual ring consists of two strips of

• (a) Autumn & spring wood
• (b) Heart wood & sap wood
• (c) Xylem and phloem
• (d) Cork & cortex

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Each annual ring consists of a layer of spring wood and a layer of autumn wood.

81. Intrafascicular cambium is situated

• (a) In between the two vascular bundles
• (b) Inside the vascular bundles
• (c) Outside the vascular bundles
• (d) In pith

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Intrafascicular cambium is situated inside the vascular bundles between primary xylem and primary phloem.

82. An example of monocots showing secondary growth in stem is

• (a) Lilium
• (b) Pea
• (c) Asparagus
• (d) Yucca

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Yucca and Dracaena are monocots that show anomalous secondary growth in their stems.

83. Vascular tissue having abundant vessels and fibres is

• (a) Primary xylem
• (b) Secondary xylem
• (c) Protoxylem
• (d) Metaxylem

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Secondary xylem features abundant vessels and fibres, specialized for transport and support.

84. Monocot root is differ from dicot root in having:

• (a) Open vascular bundles
• (b) Scattered vascular bundles
• (c) Large pith
• (d) Radial vascular bundles

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Monocot roots have a large, well-developed pith compared to the small or absent pith in dicot roots.

85. Autumn wood can be differentiated from spring wood by :-

• (a) Broad vessels and tracheids
• (b) Narrow vessels and tracheids
• (c) Red colour of xylem
• (d) Cambium

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Autumn wood is formed in dry/cold seasons and features narrow vessels and tracheids with thick walls.

86. Vascular cambium forms :-

• (a) Secondary xylem & Secondary phloem
• (b) Primary xylem & Primary Phloem
• (c) Only Secondary phloem
• (d) Only Primary xylem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inner side and secondary phloem on the outer side.

87. There is no result of ‘Girdling Experiment’ in monocot plants, due to :-

• (a) Presence of wax layer on the surface of its stem
• (b) Stem is comparatively thin
• (c) Phloem is inside xylem
• (d) Vascular bundles are not in specific position

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Girdling experiments fail in monocots because their vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem rather than in a ring, making it impossible to selectively remove the phloem.

88. Conjoint, Collateral, open vascular bundle and vascular bundles are arranged in a ring (Eustele) in :-

• (a) Dicot stem
• (b) Monocot stem
• (c) Monocot root
• (d) Dicot Root

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Dicot stems feature conjoint, collateral, and open vascular bundles arranged in a ring (eustele).

89. Radial vascular bundles are found in :

• (a) Only dicot root
• (b) Only monocot root
• (c) Only Pteridophyte
• (d) Roots of vascular plants

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Radial vascular bundles are characteristic of roots in all vascular plants.

90. Casparian strip is found in :-

• (a) Epidermis
• (b) Endodermis
• (c) Endothecium
• (d) Pericycle

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: The Casparian strip is a suberized band found in the radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells.

91. A common structural feature of vessel elements and sieve tube elements is :-

• (a) Presence of p-protein
• (b) Enucleate condition
• (c) Thick secondary walls
• (d) Pores on lateral walls

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Common feature of vessels and sieve tubes is that both are enucleate (lack nuclei) at maturity.

92. For a critical study of secondary growth in plants, which one of the following pairs is suitable?

• (a) Wheat and maiden hair fern
• (b) Sugarcane and sunflower
• (c) Teak and pine
• (d) Deodar and fern

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Teak (Tectona grandis) and Pine (Pinus) are woody trees (dicot and gymnosperm) that exhibit clear secondary growth.

93. Passage cells are thin-walled cells found in:-

• (a) Central region of style through which the pollen tube grows towards the ovary.
• (b) Endodermis of roots facilitating rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle
• (c) Phloem elements that serve as entry points for substances for transport to other plant parts
• (d) Testa of seeds to enable emergence of growing embryonic axis during seed germination.

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Passage cells are thin-walled endodermal cells in roots that facilitate water transport from cortex to pericycle.

94. The length of different internodes in a culm of sugarcane is variable because of :

• (a) Position of axillary buds
• (b) Size of leaf lamina at the node below each internode
• (c) Intercalary meristem
• (d) Shoot apical meristem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: The varying length of internodes in sugarcane is due to the activity of intercalary meristem located at the nodes.

95. In barley stem vascular bundles are :-

• (a) Closed and radial
• (b) Open and scattered
• (c) Closed and scattered
• (d) Open and in a ring

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: In barley (monocot), vascular bundles are closed and scattered in the ground tissue.

96. Palisade parenchyma is absent in leaves of:-

• (a) Gram
• (b) Sorghum
• (c) Mustard
• (d) Soybean

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Sorghum is a monocot grass and lacks palisade parenchyma in its leaves (it has undifferentiated mesophyll).

97. Reduction in vascular tissue, mechanical tissue and cuticle is characteristic of :-

• (a) Hydrophytes
• (b) Xerophytes
• (c) Mesophytes
• (d) Epiphytes

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Hydrophytes (aquatic plants) show a massive reduction in vascular tissue, mechanical tissue (sclerenchyma), and cuticle.

98. Anatomically fairly old dicotyledonous root is distinguished from the dicotyledonous stem by :-

• (a) Position of protoxylem
• (b) Absence of secondary xylem
• (c) Absence of secondary phloem
• (d) Presence of cortex

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Anatomically, roots are distinguished from stems by having exarch xylem (protoxylem is towards the periphery).

99. Which one of the following is not a lateral meristem?

• (a) Intercalary meristem
• (b) Intrafascicular cambium
• (c) Interfascicular cambium
• (d) Phellogen

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Intercalary meristem is a primary meristem, not a lateral meristem (which includes cambium and phellogen).

100. The chief water conducting elements of xylem in gymnosperms are :

• (a) Tracheids
• (b) Vessels
• (c) Fibres
• (d) Transfusion tissue

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Gymnosperms lack vessels; their water conduction is carried out primarily by tracheids.

101. Heartwood differs from sapwood in:

• (a) Being susceptible to pests and pathogens
• (b) Presence of rays and fibres
• (c) Absence of vessels and parenchyma
• (d) Having dead and non-conducting elements

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Heartwood consists of dead, highly lignified elements that are non-conducting, whereas sapwood is active in water conduction.

102. Transport of food material in higher plants takes place through :

• (a) Transfusion tissue
• (b) Tracheids
• (c) Sieve elements
• (d) Companion cells

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Transport of food (organic solutes) in higher plants occurs through sieve elements (sieve tubes) of the phloem.

103. Ground tissue includes :-

• (a) All tissues external to endodermis
• (b) All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
• (c) Epidermis and cortex
• (d) All tissues internal to endodermis

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Ground tissue includes all tissues except the epidermis (dermal tissue system) and vascular bundles (vascular system).

104. The cork cambium, cork and secondary cortex are collectively called :-

• (a) Phelloderm
• (b) Phellogen
• (c) Periderm
• (d) Phellem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Cork cambium (phellogen), cork (phellem), and secondary cortex (phelloderm) are collectively called periderm.

105. Some vascular bundles are described as open because these :

• (a) Are not surrounded by pericycle
• (b) Are surrounded by pericycle but no endodermis
• (c) Are capable of producing secondary xylem and phloem.
• (d) Possess conjunctive tissue between xylem and phloem.

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Open vascular bundles possess active vascular cambium, which is capable of producing secondary xylem and phloem.

106. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes because they lack :-

• (a) Thick-walled tracheids
• (b) Xylem fibres
• (c) Cambium
• (d) Phloem fibres

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Gymnosperms are called softwoods because they lack xylem fibres, making their wood less dense.

107. Water containing cavities in vascular bundles are found in :-

• (a) Cycas
• (b) Pinus
• (c) Sunflower
• (d) Maize

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Maize (monocot stem) has lysigenous water cavities (water-containing cavities) within its vascular bundles.

108. Closed vascular bundles lack :-

• (a) Cambium
• (b) Pith
• (c) Ground tissue
• (d) Conjuctive tissues

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Closed vascular bundles are characterized by the absence of cambium, preventing secondary growth.

109. Companion cells are closely associated with:-

• (a) Trichomes
• (b) Guard cells
• (c) Sieve elements
• (d) Vessel elements

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Companion cells are ontogenetically and functionally closely associated with sieve elements.

110. The common bottle cork is a product of :-

• (a) Xylem
• (b) Vascular Cambium
• (c) Dermatogen
• (d) Phellogen

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Bottle cork is harvested from the bark of Quercus suber, which is produced by the phellogen (cork cambium).

111. Age of a tree can be estimated by :

• (a) Diameter of its heartwood
• (b) Its height and girth
• (c) Biomass
• (d) Number of annual rings

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: The age of a tree is estimated by counting the number of annual growth rings in the trunk.

112. Interfascicular cambium develops from the cells of:

• (a) Pericycle
• (b) Medullary rays
• (c) Xylem parenchyma
• (d) Endodermis

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Interfascicular cambium originates from the parenchyma cells of medullary rays between vascular bundles.

113. Lenticels are involved in:

• (a) Photosynthesis
• (b) Transpiration
• (c) Gaseous exchange
• (d) Food transport

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Lenticels are pores in the bark of woody stems that are involved in gaseous exchange.

114. You are given a fairly old piece of dicot stem and a dicot root. Which of the following anatomical structures will you use to distinguish between the two?

• (a) Secondary xylem
• (b) Secondary phloem
• (c) Protoxylem
• (d) Cortical cells

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: A dicot root can be distinguished from a dicot stem by the exarch position of protoxylem (facing the periphery in roots, and the centre in stems).

115. Tracheids differ from other tracheary elements in:

• (a) Having casparian strips
• (b) Being imperforate
• (c) Lacking nucleus
• (d) Being lignified

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Tracheids are imperforate cells with pitted end walls, unlike vessel elements which have perforation plates.

116. A major characteristic of the monocot root is the presence of:

• (a) Scattered vascular bundles
• (b) Vasculature without cambium
• (c) Cambium sandwiched between phloem and xylem along the radius
• (d) Open vascular bundles

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Monocot roots have vascular bundles arranged radially without any cambium (closed).

117. In a ring girdled plant:

• (a) The root dies first
• (b) The shoot and root die together
• (c) Neither root nor shoot will die
• (d) The shoot dies first

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In a ring-girdled plant, the phloem is removed, which stops food transport to the roots, causing the root to die first.

118. Vascular bundles in monocotyledons are considered closed because:

• (a) Cambium is absent
• (b) There are no vessels with perforations
• (c) Xylem is surrounded all around by phloem
• (d) A bundle sheath surrounds each bundle

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Monocot vascular bundles are closed because they lack cambium.

119. Read the different components from (a) to (d) in the list given below and tell the correct order of the components with reference to their arrangement from outer side to inner side in a woody dicot stem:
(a) Secondary cortex (b) Wood (c) Secondary phloem (d) Phellem
The correct order is :

• (a) (d), (c), (a), (b)
• (b) (c), (d), (b), (a)
• (c) (a), (b), (d), (c)
• (d) (d), (a), (c), (b)

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: The correct order of bark tissues from outside to inside is Phellem -> Secondary Cortex -> Secondary Phloem -> Wood.

120. Specialised epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are called :-

• (a) Complementary cells
• (b) Subsidiary cells
• (c) Bulliform cells
• (d) Lenticels

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Subsidiary cells are specialized epidermal cells that surround the guard cells in stomata.

121. Cortex is the region found between :-

• (a) Endodermis and pith
• (b) Endodermis and vascular bundle
• (c) Epidermis and stele
• (d) Pericycle and endodermis

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Cortex lies between the outermost epidermis and the innermost stele (vascular cylinder).

122. The balloon-shaped structures called tyloses :-

• (a) Are extensions of xylem parenchyma cells into vessels
• (b) Are linked to the ascent of sap through xylem vessels
• (c) Originate in the lumen of vessels
• (d) Characterize the sapwood

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Tyloses are balloon-like extensions of xylem parenchyma cells that grow into the lumen of vessels, blocking them.

123. The vascular cambium normally gives rise to:

• (a) Primary phloem
• (b) Secondary xylem
• (c) Periderm
• (d) Phelloderm

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

124. Which of the following is made up of dead cells?

• (a) Collenchyma
• (b) Phellem
• (c) Phloem
• (d) Xylem parenchyma

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Phellem (cork) is composed of dead cells impregnated with suberin.

125. Identify the wrong statement in context of heartwood:

• (a) It is highly durable
• (b) It conducts water and minerals efficiently
• (c) It comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls
• (d) Organic compounds are deposited in it

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Heartwood is non-conducting and does not transport water; its primary function is mechanical support.

126. Stomata in grass leaf are

• (a) Dumb-bell shaped
• (b) Kidney shaped
• (c) Rectangular
• (d) Barrel shaped

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Monocot grasses have dumb-bell-shaped guard cells in their stomata.

127. Secondary xylem and phloem in dicot stem are produced by

• (a) Apical meristems
• (b) Vascular cambium
• (c) Phellogen
• (d) Axillary meristems

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Secondary vascular tissues (secondary xylem and phloem) are produced by the vascular cambium.

128. Casparian strips occur in

• (a) Epidermis
• (b) Pericycle
• (c) Cortex
• (d) Endodermis

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Casparian strips are suberized bands found in the endodermis.

129. Plants having little or no secondary growth are

• (a) Grasses
• (b) Deciduous angiosperms
• (c) Conifers
• (d) Cycads

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Grasses (monocots) have little or no secondary growth because they lack vascular cambium.

130. Xylem translocates :-

• (a) Water only
• (b) Water and mineral salts only
• (c) Water, mineral salts and some organic nitrogen only
• (d) Water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen and hormones

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Xylem translocates water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen, and hormones.

131. Grass leaves curl inwards during very dry weather. Select the most appropriate reason from the following :

• (a) Closure of stomata
• (b) Flaccidity of bulliform cells
• (c) Shrinkage of air spaces in spongy mesophyll
• (d) Tyloses in vessels

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Grass leaves curl inwards under dry conditions due to the flaccidity of specialized bulliform cells in the epidermis.

132. Phloem in gymnosperms lacks :

• (a) Albuminous cells and sieve cells
• (b) Sieve tubes only
• (c) Companion cells only
• (d) Both sieve tubes and companion cells

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Gymnosperm phloem lacks sieve tubes and companion cells; it contains sieve cells and albuminous cells.

133. Which of the statements given below is not true about formation of Annual Rings in trees?

• (a) Annual ring is a combination of spring wood and autumn wood produced in a year.
• (b) Differential activity of cambium causes light and dark bands of tissue – early and late wood respectively
• (c) Activity of cambium depends upon variation in climate.
• (d) Annual rings are not prominent in trees of temperate region.

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Annual rings are less prominent in tropical trees because there is little seasonal variation in climate compared to temperate regions.

134. In the dicot root the vascular cambium originates from :-

• (a) Tissue located below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above protoxylem.
• (b) Cortical region.
• (c) Parenchyma between endodermis and pericycle.
• (d) Intrafascicular and interfascicular tissue in a ring.

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In dicot roots, the vascular cambium originates from tissues below the phloem bundles and pericycle above the protoxylem.

135. Regeneration of damaged growing grass following grazing is largely due to :-

• (a) Lateral meristem
• (b) Apical meristem
• (c) Intercalary meristem
• (d) Secondary meristem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Intercalary meristems located at the nodes help grass stems regenerate after being grazed by herbivores.

136. The transverse section of a plant shows following anatomical features:
(a) Large number of scattered vascular bundles surrounded by bundle sheath.
(b) Large conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue.
(c) Vascular bundles conjoint and closed.
(d) Phloem parenchyma absent.
Identify the category of plant and its part :-

• (a) Dicotyledonous root
• (b) Monocotyledonous stem
• (c) Monocotyledonous root
• (d) Dicotyledonous stem

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Monocotyledonous stems have scattered vascular bundles, large parenchymatous ground tissue, closed conjoint bundles, and lack phloem parenchyma.

137. Identify the incorrect statement.

• (a) Due to deposition of tannins, resins, oils etc., heart wood is dark in colour
• (b) Heart wood does not conduct water but gives mechanical support
• (c) Sapwood is involved in conduction of water and minerals from root to leaf
• (d) Sapwood is the innermost secondary xylem and is lighter in colour

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Sapwood is the active, lighter-colored outer part of secondary xylem, not the innermost.

138. Large, empty colourless cells of the adaxial epidermis along the veins of grass leaves are

• (a) Lenticels
• (b) Guard cells
• (c) Bundle sheath cells
• (d) Bulliform cells

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Bulliform cells are large, empty, colorless adaxial epidermal cells along the veins of grass leaves.

139. Which of the following statements about cork cambium is incorrect?

• (a) It forms secondary cortex on its outerside
• (b) It forms a part of periderm
• (c) It is responsible for the formation of lenticels
• (d) It is a couple of layers thick

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Cork cambium (phellogen) produces phelloderm (secondary cortex) on its inner side, and phellem (cork) on its outer side.

140. Match List-I with List-II.
List – I:
(a) Cells with active cell division capacity
(b) Tissue having all cells similar in structure and function
(c) Tissue having different types of cells
(d) Dead cells with highly thickened walls and narrow lumen
List – II:
(i) Vascular tissues
(ii) Meristematic tissue
(iii) Sclereids
(iv) Simple tissue
Select the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

• (a) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
• (b) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
• (c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
• (d) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Meristematic cells have active cell division; simple tissue consists of similar cells; complex tissue has different types; sclereids are dead thick-walled cells.

141. Match List -I with List – II.
List – I:
(a) Lenticels
(b) Cork cambium
(c) Secondary cortex
(d) Cork
List – II:
(i) Phellogen
(ii) Suberin deposition
(iii) Exchange of gases
(iv) Phelloderm
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

• (a) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
• (b) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
• (c) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
• (d) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Lenticels are for gas exchange; cork cambium is phellogen; secondary cortex is phelloderm; cork has suberin.

142. Select the correct pair.

• (a) Large colorless empty cells in the epidermis of grass leaves – Subsidiary cells
• (b) In dicot leaves, vascular bundles are surrounded by large thick-walled cells – Conjunctive tissue
• (c) Cells of medullary rays that form part of cambial ring – Interfascicular cambium
• (d) Loose parenchyma cells rupturing the epidermis and forming a lens-shaped opening in bark – Spongy parenchyma

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Cells of medullary rays adjacent to vascular bundles dedifferentiate to form interfascicular cambium, completing the cambial ring.

143. Read A to D and tell the correct order of components from outer side to inner side in a young dicot stem.
(A) Cortex
(B) Pericycle
(C) Epidermis
(D) Pith

• (a) C, D, B, A
• (b) A, B, C, D
• (c) C, A, B, D
• (d) C, B, A, D

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: The order from outside to inside in a young dicot stem is Epidermis -> Cortex -> Pericycle -> Pith.

144. During secondary growth in dicot stem, cork cambium or phellogen usually develops in

• (a) Epidermal region
• (b) Cortex region
• (c) Pericycle region
• (d) Pith region

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: In dicot stems, the cork cambium (phellogen) usually develops in the cortex region.

145. Transport of water and mineral in higher plants takes place through

• (a) Sieve elements
• (b) Companion cells
• (c) Tracheids
• (d) Transfusion tissue

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Water and mineral transport in higher plants takes place through tracheary elements like tracheids and vessels.

146. Read the following statements about the vascular bundles :
(a) In roots, xylem and phloem in a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii.
(b) Conjoint closed vascular bundles do not possess cambium
(c) In open vascular bundles, cambium is present in between xylem and phloem
(d) The vascular bundles of dicotyledonous stem possess endarch protoxylem
(e) In monocotyledonous root, usually there are more than six xylem bundles present
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

• (a) (b), (c), (d) and (e) only
• (b) (a), (b), (c) and (d) only
• (c) (a), (c), (d) and (e) only
• (d) (a), (b) and (d) only

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In roots, vascular bundles are radial; conjoint closed bundles lack cambium; open bundles have cambium; stems have endarch xylem; monocot roots have polyarch xylem.

147. The anatomy of springwood shows some peculiar features. Identify the correct set of statements about springwood.
(a) It is also called as the earlywood
(b) In spring season cambium produces xylem elements with narrow vessels
(c) It is lighter in colour
(d) The springwood along with autumnwood shows alternate concentric rings forming annual rings
(e) It has lower density
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• (a) (a), (c), (d) and (e) Only
• (b) (a), (b) and (d) Only
• (c) (c), (d) and (e) Only
• (d) (a), (b), (d) and (e) Only

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Springwood is formed in spring, has wide vessels, lower density, and is lighter in color.

148. Select the correct statement related to the activity of cork cambium.

• (a) The cork differentiated from cork cambium, is impervious to water due to deposition of tannins and resins.
• (b) Cuts the cells only on the outer side.
• (c) Cuts the cells on inner as well as outer side.
• (d) The outer cells differentiate into phelloderm.

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Cork cambium cuts off cells on both its inner (phelloderm) and outer (phellem) sides.

149. Axillary buds are derived from the activity of:

• (a) Secondary meristem
• (b) Apical meristem
• (c) Intercalary meristem
• (d) Lateral meristem

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Axillary buds develop from cells of the shoot apical meristem that are left behind during elongation.

150. Which of the following is not a character of collenchyma tissue?

• (a) They occur in layers below epidermis in dicotyledonous plants.
• (b) They consist of cells with thick corners due to cellulose deposition.
• (c) They are usually dead and without protoplasts.
• (d) They provide mechanical support to the growing part of the plant.

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Collenchyma cells are living cells with thickened corners; they are not dead.

151. Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth takes place in cells of :

• (a) Epiblema
• (b) Cortex
• (c) Endodermis
• (d) Pericycle

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Lateral roots and vascular cambium in dicot roots originate from the pericycle cells.

152. The type of tissue commonly found in the fruit wall of nuts is :

• (a) Parenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Sclerenchyma
• (d) Sclereid

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Sclereids are extremely thick-walled, lignified dead cells commonly found in the hard shell/fruit wall of nuts.

153. Interfascicular cambium is present between :

• (a) Primary xylem and primary phloem
• (b) Pericycle and endodermis
• (c) Two vascular bundles
• (d) Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Interfascicular cambium is located between two adjacent vascular bundles.

154. Branch of botany related with study of internal structure of plants.

• (a) Cytology
• (b) Anatomy
• (c) Physiology
• (d) Ecology

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Anatomy is the branch of botany that deals with the study of the internal structure of plants.

155. A tissue is a group of cells having a

• (a) Common origin and dissimilar in function.
• (b) Dissimilar origin and common in function.
• (c) Dissimilar origin and common in function
• (d) Common origin and usually performing a common function.

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: A tissue is defined as a group of cells having a common origin and usually performing a common function.

156. In embryonic stage, cells are

• (a) Collenchymatous
• (b) Sclerenchymatous
• (c) Meristematic
• (d) Parenchymatous

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: In the embryonic stage, cells are actively dividing and thus are meristematic.

157. Apical meristem is present

• (a) At the tips of roots
• (b) At the tips of shoots
• (c) In buds which are present in axils of leaves
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Apical meristems are located at root tips, shoot tips, and in axillary buds of leaves.

158. Which of the following is an example of primary meristem

• (a) Phellogen
• (b) Vascular cambium of root
• (c) Interfascicular cambium
• (d) Intrafascicular cambium

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Intrafascicular cambium is a primary meristem present within vascular bundles from the beginning.

159. Which of the following is/are example(s) of lateral meristems

• (a) Fascicular vascular cambium
• (b) Inter-fascicular cambium
• (c) Cork cambium
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium, and cork cambium are all lateral meristems responsible for secondary growth.

160. Example(s) of primary permanent tissue(s) is/are

• (a) Parenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Sclerenchyma
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are all examples of primary permanent tissues.

161. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about parenchyma?

• (a) The cells are generally isodiametric
• (b) The cells may either be closely packed or have intercellular spaces.
• (c) It performs various functions like photosynthesis, storage & secretion.
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Parenchyma cells are typically isodiametric, may have intercellular spaces, and perform photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.

162. Which of the following tissue provides mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole of a leaf.

• (a) Parenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Sclereids
• (d) Fibres

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Collenchyma provides mechanical support and flexibility to growing plant organs like young stems and petioles.

163. Living elements of xylem is

• (a) Tracheid
• (b) Vessel
• (c) Xylem parenchyma
• (d) Xylem fibre

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Xylem parenchyma is the only living cell type in the xylem tissue.

164. Companion cells are present in the phloem of

• (a) Pteridophytes
• (b) Gymnosperms
• (c) Angiosperms
• (d) Both 1 and 2

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Companion cells are present in the phloem of angiosperms.

165. Vessels differ from tracheids in having

• (a) In being living
• (b) Presence of perforation plates at both ends
• (c) Enucleated condition
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Vessels are characterized by the presence of perforation plates at their end walls, which are absent in tracheids.

166. Which of the following is/are bast fibre/s?

• (a) Jute
• (b) Flax
• (c) Hemp
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Jute, flax, and hemp are commercial bast (phloem) fibres.

167. When a meristematic tissue “Intrafascicular cambium” is present inside a vascular bundle, the vascular bundle is called

• (a) Conjoint
• (b) Open
• (c) Closed
• (d) Radial

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Vascular bundles containing intrafascicular cambium are open, as they are capable of secondary growth.

168. Which of the following is not included in stomatal apparatus

• (a) Stomatal aperture
• (b) Guard cells
• (c) Subsidiary cells
• (d) Sclerenchymatous cells

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: The stomatal apparatus consists of stomatal aperture, guard cells, and subsidiary cells; it does not include sclerenchymatous cells.

169. Consider the following statements.
(a) Phloem fibres are made up of sclerenchymatous cells
(b) Phloem parenchyma is generally absent in monocots
(c) The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tube and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem
Which statement(s) is/are false ?

• (a) Only a
• (b) Only b
• (c) Only c
• (d) a, b, and c

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Phloem parenchyma is absent in monocots, making statement (b) false.

170. The outside of the epidermis is often covered with a waxy thick layer, called

• (a) Hypodermis
• (b) Cuticle
• (c) Root hair
• (d) Stem hair

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: The epidermis is covered by a waxy thick layer called the cuticle, which prevents water loss.

171. Cuticle is absent in

• (a) Roots
• (b) Dicot Stem
• (c) Leaves
• (d) Monocot stem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Cuticle is absent in roots, as it would block water and mineral absorption.

172. In which plant vascular bundles are scattered in ground tissue and each vascular bundle is surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle sheath

• (a) Maize
• (b) Sunflower
• (c) Gram
• (d) Ficus

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Maize (monocot) has scattered closed vascular bundles surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.

173. Pith is small or inconspicuous in

• (a) Monocot root
• (b) Monocot stem
• (c) Dicot root
• (d) Dicot stem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Dicot roots are characterized by a small or inconspicuous pith compared to monocot roots.

174. The dicot root is identified from the monocot root by the presence of

• (a) Exarch xylem
• (b) 2-4 xylem bundles
• (c) \(> 6\) xylem bundles
• (d) Large and well developed pith

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Dicot roots typically have 2 to 4 xylem and phloem bundles, whereas monocot roots have more than six (polyarch).

175. Parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces which occupy the central portion of the stem constitute

• (a) Cortex
• (b) Pith
• (c) Hypodermis
• (d) Epidermis

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: The central core of the stem consisting of parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces is the pith.

176. In grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells. These cells are called :-

• (a) Bulliform cells
• (b) Starch sheath cells
• (c) Companion cells
• (d) Complimentary cells

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Bulliform cells are large, empty epidermal cells in grasses that curl the leaves to reduce water loss.

177. In dicot stem, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is the

• (a) Interfascicular cambium
• (b) Vascular cambium
• (c) Intrafascicular cambium
• (d) Cork cambium

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Intrafascicular cambium is the primary meristematic tissue present inside the vascular bundle between xylem and phloem.

178. The innermost layer of cortex of dicot root is characterised by presence of suberin thickening. This suberin thickening occurs on

• (a) Radial walls
• (b) Transverse wall
• (c) Tangential wall
• (d) Both 1 & 3

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: The Casparian strip of the endodermis consists of suberin deposition on radial and tangential cell walls.

179. The parenchymatous cells lies between xylem & phloem of root is known as

• (a) Cambium
• (b) Conjunctive tissue
• (c) Pith
• (d) Pericycle

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Conjunctive tissue consists of parenchymatous cells located between the xylem and phloem bundles in roots.

180. Regarding to stele which of the following statement is correct?

• (a) All the tissues lies inner to pericycle
• (b) All the tissues lies inner to endodermis
• (c) All the tissues lies inner to hypodermis
• (d) All the tissues lies inner to epidermis

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: All tissues located inner to the endodermis (pericycle, vascular bundles, pith) constitute the stele.

181. Complimentary cells are formed by the activity of

• (a) Vascular cambium
• (b) Inter fascicular cambium
• (c) Phellogen
• (d) Intra fascicular cambium

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Complementary cells of lenticels are produced by the activity of the cork cambium (phellogen).

182. Vascular cambium cuts off cells more

• (a) Towards centre
• (b) Towards periphery
• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) None of these

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: The vascular cambium is more active on the inner side, cutting off more cells towards the centre (which become secondary xylem) than the periphery.

183. In a dicot root, vascular cambium originates from

• (a) Parenchymatous conjuctive tissue located just below phloem bundles
• (b) Medullary rays
• (c) A portion of pericycle tissue, lying opposite to protoxylem
• (d) Both 1 and 3

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: In dicot roots, the vascular cambium is completely secondary, originating from conjunctive tissue below phloem and pericycle above protoxylem.

184. In a dicot root, the pericycle gives rise to

• (a) Lateral roots
• (b) Cork cambium
• (c) A portion of vascular cambium
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: In dicot roots, the pericycle gives rise to lateral roots, cork cambium, and a portion of the vascular cambium.

185. Select true statement

• (a) Lenticels occur in woody trees
• (b) Bark is a non-technical term
• (c) Vascular cambium and cork cambium are examples of lateral meristems
• (d) All of the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Lenticels occur in woody trees; bark is a non-technical term; vascular and cork cambium are lateral meristems. All statements are true.

186. During secondary growth in dicot stem, At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma, which passes through the secondary xylem and secondary phloem in radial directions. These are called :-

• (a) Sap wood
• (b) Heart wood
• (c) Secondary medullary rays
• (d) Primary medullary rays

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Secondary medullary rays are narrow bands of parenchyma formed by cambium that pass radially through secondary xylem and phloem.

187. Bark that is formed early in the season is called

• (a) Late bark
• (b) Soft bark
• (c) Hard bark
• (d) Ring bark

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Soft bark is formed early in the season, while hard bark is formed late in the season.

188. At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of cork cells. These are called :-

• (a) Phellem
• (b) Periderm
• (c) Bark
• (d) Complimentary cells

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side called complementary cells, which eventually rupture the epidermis to form lenticels.

189. The cells of secondary cortex are :-

• (a) Sclerenchymatous
• (b) Parenchymatous
• (c) Collenchymatous
• (d) Meristematic

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Secondary cortex (phelloderm) cells are parenchymatous in nature.

190. In dicot root, the vascular cambium is.

• (a) Primary in origin
• (b) Completely secondary in origin
• (c) Both primary and secondary in origin
• (d) Neither primary nor secondary in origin

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: The vascular cambium in a dicot root is completely secondary in origin, developing after primary tissues have matured.

191. Due to continuous growth of secondary xylem which of the following get crushed gradually

• (a) Primary phloem
• (b) Earlier formed secondary phloem
• (c) Either 1 or 2
• (d) both 1 and 2

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Due to the continuous formation and expansion of secondary xylem, both primary phloem and earlier formed secondary phloem get crushed.

192. After secondary growth what is the actual future of primary xylem ?

• (a) Converts into secondary xylem
• (b) Remains more or less intact in or around the centre
• (c) Converts into secondary phloem
• (d) Gets crushed

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: During secondary growth, the primary xylem remains more or less intact in or around the centre of the stem.

193. In plants, during early embryonic condition-

• (a) All cells of the embryo divide
• (b) Meristematic activity is confined to single apical cell
• (c) Meristematic activity is confined to a group of apical cells.
• (d) Apical & lateral cells only divide

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: In the early embryonic condition, all cells of the embryo undergo active division.

194. Tissue which develops more due to scarcity of water or tissue which is lignified –

• (a) Sclerenchyma
• (b) Collenchyma
• (c) Parenchyma
• (d) Meristem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Sclerenchyma is a highly lignified dead tissue that develops extensively under dry conditions to provide mechanical strength.

195. A mature sieve tube differs from a vessel –

• (a) In lacking a functional nucleus
• (b) Absence of lignified walls
• (c) Being nearly dead
• (d) Lacking cytoplasm

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Sieve tubes are living but lack lignified cell walls, whereas vessel elements are dead and highly lignified.

196. Sieve plates in angiosperms are –

• (a) Oblique & in lateral walls
• (b) Pitted & in end wall
• (c) Oblique & in end wall
• (d) Straight & in lateral wall

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Angiosperm sieve plates are perforated end walls that are typically oblique or straight.

197. According to Haberlandt theory, the part differentiated by protoderm is-

• (a) Cortex
• (b) Xylem & phloem
• (c) Ground tissue system
• (d) Epidermal tissue system

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: According to Haberlandt’s tissue classification, the protoderm differentiates into the epidermal tissue system.

198. T.S. of a material exhibits conjoint, collateral endarch and closed bundles scattered in a ground tissue what should be the material –

• (a) Monocot root
• (b) Dicot root
• (c) Monocot stem
• (d) Dicot stem

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Monocot stems typically exhibit scattered vascular bundles that are conjoint, collateral, and closed.

199. In respect of many grasses, the presence of bulliform or motor cells in the upper epidermis of leaves is to:-

• (a) Increase the surface area of the leaf
• (b) Store large amount of water
• (c) Check transpiration by reducing the surface area of the leaf
• (d) Bear unicellular trichomes

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Bulliform cells help grasses reduce transpiration by rolling the leaves inwards, thereby reducing the exposed surface area.

200. Heart wood of most of the woody trees, fails to conduct sap due to the obstruction by ?

• (a) Excess secondary wall deposition
• (b) Storing a variety of material by tyloses
• (c) Deposition of reserved food material
• (d) Ray parenchyma

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Heartwood is blocked and non-conducting due to the accumulation of organic substances and the formation of tyloses in the vessel lumens.

201. The trees growing in deserts will –

• (a) Show alternate rings of xylem and sclerenchyma
• (b) Show distinct annual rings
• (c) Not show distinct annual rings
• (d) Have only conjunctive tissue and phloem formed by the activity of cambium

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Desert plants experience extreme climate fluctuations and lack regular water supply, resulting in indistinct annual growth rings.

202. Sap wood differ from heart wood in being –

• (a) Darker and non conducting
• (b) Softer and non conducting
• (c) Lighter and conducting
• (d) Harder, darker and less conducting

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Sapwood is active in water conduction, lighter in color, and softer than the dark, durable heartwood.

203. If a stem is girdled-

• (a) Root dies first
• (b) Shoot dies first
• (c) Both die together
• (d) None of the above die

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Girdling a stem removes the phloem (outer ring), which blocks the downward translocation of food, causing the roots to starve and die first.

204. Spring wood (early wood) differs with autumn wood (late wood) in –

• (a) Size of vessels and tracheids
• (b) Thickness of cell wall
• (c) Amount of wood
• (d) All the above

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Springwood has larger vessels with thin walls, while autumnwood has smaller vessels with thick walls, reflecting seasonal cambial activity.

205. Most conspicuous annual rings are formed in –

• (a) Temperate evergreen plants
• (b) Tropical deciduous
• (c) Temperate deciduous plants
• (d) Tropical evergreen

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: Temperate deciduous regions experience sharp, distinct seasonal changes, leading to highly conspicuous annual growth rings.

206. In dicot root which tissue becomes dead due to activity of phellogen

• (a) All tissue outside cortex
• (b) Tissue outside hypodermis
• (c) Tissue outside endodermis
• (d) Tissue outside pericycle

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: The phellogen (cork cambium) cuts off cork cells on the outside, cutting off their nutrient supply and causing all tissues outside the pericycle to die.

207. Physiologically functional part of wood is

• (a) Heart wood only
• (b) Sap wood only
• (c) Only primary wood
• (d) Both heart wood & sap wood

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Sapwood is the only physiologically active, water-conducting part of the wood.

208. Which of the following is not a part of stomatal apparatus ?

• (a) Stomatal aperture
• (b) Guard cells
• (c) Lenticels
• (d) Subsidiary cells

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation: The stomatal apparatus consists of stomatal pore, guard cells, and subsidiary cells. Lenticels are separate structures in the bark.

209. Which is not correct about heartwood

• (a) It is formed of living cells
• (b) It contains resins, tannin and other organic contents
• (c) It is of dark coloured
• (d) It lies in the central region of secondary xylem

Correct Answer: (a)

Explanation: Heartwood is composed entirely of dead cells filled with organic substances like tannins and resins.

210. Outer lighter coloured region of wood of tree is

• (a) Autumn wood
• (b) Spring wood
• (c) Heart wood
• (d) Sap wood

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: Sapwood is the outer, lighter-colored region of the wood active in water transport.

211. After two or three years of secondary growth the cortex in dicot roots

• (a) Remains intact
• (b) Is completely sloughed away
• (c) Is largely lost
• (d) Is converted into cork

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: In dicot roots, the cortex outside the endodermis is completely sloughed away after a few years of secondary growth.

212. When secondary growth in thickness is initiated in a dicot root, which of the following happens first ?

• (a) Cambial initials between xylem and phloem will divide
• (b) Pericycle strands, outside the primary xylem will divide
• (c) Periclinal division takes place, so that the cambium becomes circular
• (d) Parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem become meristematic

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: At the onset of secondary growth in dicot roots, the parenchyma cells between xylem and phloem are the first to become meristematic.

213. Complementary cells of lenticels are

• (a) Compact and suberised
• (b) Closely arranged and non suberised
• (c) Compact and lignified
• (d) Loose and lignified

Correct Answer: (b)

Explanation: Complementary cells in lenticels are loosely arranged and non-suberized parenchyma cells.

214. In a woody dicotyledonous tree, which of the following parts will mainly consist of primary permanent tissues ?

• (a) Stem and root
• (b) All parts
• (c) Shoot tips and root tips
• (d) Flowers, fruits and leaves

Correct Answer: (d)

Explanation: In a woody dicot tree, primary permanent tissues remain intact only in flowers, fruits, and leaves, which do not undergo secondary growth.